@article{5515,
  author = {P. H. Rebut and A. Gibson and M. Huguet and J. M. Adams and B. Alper and H. Altmann and A. Andersen and P. Andrew and M. Angelone and S. Aliarshad and P. Baigger and W. Bailey and B. Balet and P. Barabaschi and P. Barker and R. Barnsley and M. Baronian and D. V. Bartlett and L. Baylor and A. C. Bell and G. Benali and P. Bertoldi and E. Bertolini and V. Bhatnagar and A. J. Bickley and D. Binder and H. Bindslev and T. Bonicelli and S. J. Booth and G. Bosia and M. Botman and D. Boucher and P. Boucquey and P. Breger and H. Brelen and H. Brinkschulte and D. Brooks and A. Brown and T. Brown and M. Brusati and S. Bryan and J. Brzozowski and R. Buchse and T. Budd and M. Bures and T. Businaro and P. Butcher and H. Buttgereit and C. Caldwellnichols and D. J. Campbell and P. Card and G. Celentano and C. D. Challis and A. V. Chankin and A. Cherubini and D. Chiron and J. Christiansen and P. Chuilon and R. Claesen and S. Clement and E. Clipsham and J. P. Coad and I. H. Coffey and A. Colton and M. Comiskey and S. Conroy and M. Cooke and D. Cooper and S. Cooper and J. G. Cordey and W. Core and G. Corrigan and S. Corti and A. E. Costley and G. Cottrell and M. Cox and P. Cripwell and O. Dacosta and J. Davies and N. Davies and H. de Blank and H. De Esch and L. Dekock and E. Deksnis and F. Delvart and G. B. Dennehinnov and G. Deschamps and W. J. Dickson and K. J. Dietz and S. L. Dmitrenko and M. Dmitrieva and J. Dobbing and A. Doglio and N. Dolgetta and S. E. Dorling and P. G. Doyle and D. F. Duchs and H. Duquenoy and A. Edwards and J. Ehrenberg and A. Ekedahl and T. Elevant and S.K. Erents and L. G. Eriksson and H. Fajemirokun and H. Falter and J. Freiling and F. Freville and C. Froger and P. Froissard and K. Fullard and M. Gadeberg and A. Galetsas and T. Gallagher and D. Gambier and M. Garribba and P. Gaze and R. Giannella and R. D. Gill and A. Girard and A. Gondhalekar and D. Goodall and C. Gormezano and N. A. Gottardi and C. Gowers and B. J. Green and B. Grievson and R. Haange and A. Haigh and C. J. Hancock and P. J. Harbour and T. Hartrampf and N. C. Hawkes and P. Haynes and J. L. Hemmerich and T. Hender and J. Hoekzema and D. Holland and M. Hone and L. Horton and J. How and M. Huart and I. Hughes and T. P. Hughes and M. Hugon and Y. Huo and K. Ida and B. Ingram and M. Irving and J. Jacquinot and H. Jaeckel and J. F. Jaeger and G. Janeschitz and Z. Jankovicz and O. N. Jarvis and F. Jensen and E. M. Jones and H. D. Jones and Lpdf Jones and S. Jones and T. T. C. Jones and J. F. Junger and F. Junique and A. Kaye and B. E. Keen and M. Keilhacker and G. J. Kelly and W. Kerner and A. Khudoleev and R. Konig and A. Konstantellos and M. Kovanen and G. Kramer and P. Kupschus and R. Lasser and J. R. Last and B. Laundy and L. Laurotaroni and M. Laveyry and K. Lawson and M. Lennholm and J. Lingertat and R. N. Litunovski and A. Loarte and R. Lobel and P. Lomas and M. Loughlin and C. Lowry and J. Lupo and A. C. Maas and J. Machuzak and B. Macklin and G. Maddison and C. F. Maggi and G. Magyar and W. Mandl and V. Marchese and G. Marcon and F. Marcus and J. Mart and D. Martin and E. Martin and R. Martinsolis and P. Massmann and G. Matthews and H. McBryan and G. McCracken and J. McKivitt and P. Meriguet and P. Miele and A. Miller and J. Mills and S. F. Mills and P. Millward and P. Milverton and E. Minardi and R. Mohanti and P. L. Mondino and D. Montgomery and A. Montvai and P. Morgan and H. Morsi and D. Muir and G. Murphy and R. Myrnas and F. Nave and G. Newbert and M. Newman and P. Nielsen and P. Noll and W. Obert and D. Obrien and J. Orchard and J. Orourke and R. Ostrom and M. Ottaviani and M. Pain and F. Paoletti and S. Papastergiou and W. Parsons and D. Pasini and D. Patel and A. Peacock and N. Peacock and R. J. M. Pearce and D. Pearson and J. F. Peng and R. P. Desilva and G. Perinic and C. Perry and M. Petrov and M. A. Pick and J. Plancoulaine and J. P. Poffe and R. Pohlchen and F. Porcelli and L. Porte and R. Prentice and S. Puppin and S. Putvinskii and G. Radford and T. Raimondi and M. C. R. Deandrade and R. Reichle and J. Reid and S. Richards and E. Righi and F. Rimini and D. Robinson and A. Rolfe and R. T. Ross and L. Rossi and R. Russ and P. Rutter and H. C. Sack and G. Sadler and G. Saibene and J. L. Salanave and G. Sanazzaro and A. Santagiustina and R. Sartori and C. Sborchia and P. Schild and M. Schmid and G. Schmidt and B. Schunke and S. M. Scott and L. Serio and A. Sibley and R. Simonini and A.C.C. Sips and P. Smeulders and R. Smith and R. Stagg and M. Stamp and P. Stangeby and R. Stankiewicz and D. F. Start and C. A. Steed and D. Stork and P.E. Stott and P. Stubberfield and D. Summers and H. Summers and L. Svensson and J. A. Tagle and M. Talbot and A. Tanga and A. Taroni and C. Terella and A. Terrington and A. Tesini and P. R. Thomas and E. Thompson and K. Thomsen and F. Tibone and A. Tiscornia and P. Trevalion and B. Tubbing and P. Vanbelle and H. Vanderbeken and G. Vlases and M. von Hellermann and T. Wade and C. Walker and R. Walton and D. Ward and M. L. Watkins and N. Watkins and M. J. Watson and S. Weber and J. Wesson and T. J. Wijnands and J. Wilks and D. Wilson and T. Winkel and R. Wolf and D. Wong and C. Woodward and Y. Wu and M. Wykes and D. Young and I. D. Young and L. Zannelli and A. Zolfaghari and W. Zwingmann},
  title = {Fusion Energy-Production from a Deuterium-Tritium Plasma in the Jet Tokamak},
  abstract = {The paper describes a series of experiments in the Joint European Torus (JET), culminating in the first tokamak discharges in deuterium-tritium fuelled mixtures. The experiments were undertaken within limits imposed by restrictions on vessel activation and tritium usage. The objectives were: (i) to produce more than one megawatt of fusion power in a controlled way; (ii) to validate transport codes and provide a basis for accurately predicting the performance of deuterium-tritium plasma from measurements made in deuterium plasmas; (iii) to determine tritium retention in the torus systems and to establish the effectiveness of discharge cleaning techniques for tritium removal; (iv) to demonstrate the technology related to tritium usage; and (v) to establish safe procedures for handling tritium in compliance with the regulatory requirements. A single-null X-point magnetic configuration, diverted onto the upper carbon target, with reversed toroidal magnetic field was chosen. Deuterium plasmas were heated by high power, long duration deuterium neutral beams from fourteen sources and fuelled also by up to two neutral beam sources injecting tritium. The results from three of these high performance hot ion H-mode discharges are described: a high performance pure deuterium discharge; a deuterium-tritium discharge with a 1% mixture of tritium fed to one neutral beam source; and a deuterium-tritium discharge with 100% tritium fed to two neutral beam sources. The TRANSP code was used to check the internal consistency of the measured data and to determine the origin of the measured neutron fluxes. In the best deuterium-tritium discharge, the tritium concentration was about 11% at the time of peak performance, when the total neutron emission rate was 6.0 x 10(17) neutrons/s. The integrated total neutron yield over the high power phase, which lasted about 2 s, was 7.2 x 10(17) neutrons, with an accuracy of +/- 7%. The actual fusion amplification factor, Q(DT), was about 0.15. With an optimum tritium concentration, this pulse would have produced a fusion power of almost-equal-to 5 MW and a nominal Q(DT) almost-equal-to 0.46. The same extrapolation for the pure deuterium discharge would have given almost-equal-to 11 MW and a nominal Q(DT) = 1.14, so that the total fusion power (neutrons and alpha-particles) would have exceeded the total losses in the equivalent deuterium-tritium discharge in these transient conditions. Techniques for introducing, tracking, monitoring and recovering tritium were demonstrated to be highly effective: essentially all of the tritium introduced into the neutral beam system and, so far, about two thirds of that introduced into the torus have been recovered.},
  year = {1992},
  journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {187-203},
  month = {Feb},
  isbn = {0029-5515},
  language = {eng},
}