@article{8056,
  author = {H.Y. Xu and G. De Temmerman and G. N. Luo and Y. Z. Jia and Y. Yuan and B. Q. Fu and A. Godfrey and W. Liu},
  title = {Deuterium-induced nanostructure formation on tungsten exposed to high-flux plasma},
  abstract = {Surface topography of polycrystalline tungsten (W) have been examined after exposure to a low-energy (38 eV/D), high-flux (∼1.1–1.5 × 1024 m−2 s−1) deuterium plasma in the Pilot-PSI linear plasma device. The methods used were scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), positron annihilation Doppler broadening (PADB) and grazing incident X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD). After exposure to high flux D plasma, blisters and nanostructures are formed on the W surface. Generation of defects was evidenced by PADB, while high stress and mixture of phases were detected in depth of 50 nm by GI-XRD. TEM observation revealed fluctuations and disordered microstructure on the outmost surface layer. Based on these results, surface reconstruction is considered as a possible mechanism for the formation of defects and nanostructures.},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Nuclear Materials},
  volume = {463},
  pages = {308 - 311},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.11.039},
  note = {PLASMA-SURFACE INTERACTIONS 21 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Plasma-Surface Interactions in Controlled Fusion Devices Kanazawa, Japan May 26-30, 2014},
  language = {eng},
}