@article{9089,
  author = {M. Hoelzl and G.T. A. Huijsmans and F.J. Artola and E. Nardon and M. Becoulet and N. Schwartz and A. Cathey and S.J. P. Pamela and K. Aleynikova and I. Krebs and F. Antlitz and V. Bandaru and H. Bergström and A. Bhole and T. Bogaarts and D. Bonfiglio and F. Cipolletta and T. Driessen and L. Edes and S. Futatani and G. Hao and F. Hindenlang and I. Holod and D. Hu and S.F. Hu and N. Isernia and H. Isliker and S.K. Kim and M. Kong and S.Q. Korving and L. Kos and S.J. Lee and Z. Liang and Z.X. Lu and L. Meier and L. Messfeldt and V. Mitterauer and N. Nikulsin and B. Nkonga and R. Ramasamy and J. Reinking and C. Rogge and G. Rubinacci and K. Särkimäki and T. Smits and C. Sommariva and R. Sparago and K. Strien and M. Szucs and W. Tang and J. van Tongeren and F. Vannini and S. Ventre and F. Villone and C. Wang and L. Wang and F. Wieschollek and F. Wouters and J. Zielinski and H. Zhang},
  title = {Non-linear MHD modelling of transients in tokamaks: a review of recent advances with the JOREK code},
  abstract = {Transient magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) events like edge localized modes (ELMs) or disruptions are a concern for magnetic confinement fusion power plants. Research with the MHD code JOREK towards understanding control of such instabilities is reviewed here in a concise way to provide a complete overview, while we refer to the original publications for details. Experimental validation for unmitigated vertical displacement events progressed. The mechanism of vertical force mitigation by impurity injection was identified. Two-way eddy current coupling to CARIDDI was completed. Shattered pellet injection was simulated in JET, KSTAR, ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and ITER. Benign runaway electron beam termination in JET and ITER was studied. Coupling of kinetic REs to the MHD is ongoing and a virtual RE synchrotron radiation diagnostic was developed. Regarding pedestal physics, regimes devoid of large ELMs in AUG were simulated and predictive JT60-SA simulations are ongoing. For ELM suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs), AUG, ITER and EAST simulations were performed. A free boundary RMP model was validated against experiments. Evidence for penetrated magnetic islands at the pedestal top based on AUG experiments and simulations was found. Simulations of the naturally ELM-free quiescent H-mode in AUG and HL-3 show external kink mode formation prevents pedestal build-up towards an ELM within windows of the edge safety factor. With kinetic neutral particles, high field side high density formation in ITER was simulated and with kinetic impurities, tungsten transport in AUG RMP plasmas was studied. To capture turbulent transport, electro-static full-f particle in cell models for ion temperature gradient and trapped electron modes were established and benchmarked. Application to RMP plasmas shows enhanced turbulence in comparison to unperturbed states. Energetic particle interactions with MHD were studied. Flux pumping that prevents the safety factor on axis from dropping below unity was simulated. First non-linear stellarator applications include current relaxation in l = 2 stellarators, while verification for advanced stellarators progresses.},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Nuclear Fusion},
  volume = {64},
  pages = {112016},
  doi = {10.1088/1741-4326/ad5a21},
}