Can we use plasma technology to change the way we produce nitrogen fertilizers, without carbon emissions? PhD researcher Qinghao Shen explored how renewable electricity powers cleaner nitrogen fixation. Advanced computer models reveal how to make this process more energy-efficient and industrially viable. On 29 October he successfully defended his thesis.
What new scientific insights have you gained?
“My research provides new insights into the fundamental mechanisms of NO formation in microwave plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation. We now understand in much greater detail how non-thermal vibrational excitation of N₂ drives energy-efficient NOx production, and how factors such as gas temperature, flow dynamics, and turbulence influence the overall efficiency. The developed multi-temperature multi-dimensional plasma models reveal how electron kinetics, vibrational energy transfer, chemical reactions, and particle transport interact under realistic reactor conditions, something that was previously not well quantified.”
In what way does your research bring the energy transition a step further?
“This work contributes to the energy transition by advancing carbon-free chemical production pathways powered by renewable electricity. By identifying how to increase the efficiency of plasma-based nitrogen fixation, my research supports the development of sustainable fertilizer production without fossil fuels. The modelling tools and insights generated here can guide the design of next-generation plasma reactors, helping to transform renewable electricity directly into valuable chemical feedstocks.”
How do you reflect on your PhD journey?
“My PhD journey at DIFFER has been an inspiring and transformative experience. Working in an environment that combines scientific excellence with a strong collaborative spirit has allowed me to grow both intellectually and personally. Throughout my research on plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation, I was constantly motivated by the broader goal of contributing to a sustainable and carbon-neutral future.”
How did you experience working at DIFFER in the past years?
“DIFFER provided not only advanced facilities and outstanding expertise but also a community of colleagues who were always open to share ideas and support each other. This atmosphere encouraged me to explore, to question, and to translate complex physical and chemical phenomena into practical insights that can drive the energy transition forward. Looking back, I truly value the freedom, trust, and encouragement I received, which made this journey both challenging and deeply rewarding.”
What are your career plans after completing your PhD?
“After my PhD, I will continue working at DIFFER as a postdoctoral researcher in the same group: Plasma Solar Fuels Devices. My focus will shift toward computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling for gas conversion processes, further integrating plasma physics with flow and chemical kinetics. This work will build on my current modelling expertise and contribute to optimizing plasma reactors for sustainable chemical production. I see this as an exciting opportunity to deepen my understanding of plasma-flow interactions and to translate fundamental research into technologies that support the energy transition.”
PhD thesis
The full thesis of Qinghao Shen can be read here: ‘Modeling of Plasma-Driven Electrified Chemical Conversion Processes by Non-Equilibrium Kinetics’.
Authors: Qinghao Shen, Rianne van Hoek
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